How is stress affecting our children?

A Duke University-led study has pinpointed how early childhood stress affects the adult brain’s response to rewards. Their findings suggest a possible pathway by which childhood stress may increase risk of depression and other mental health problems in adulthood.

Many studies have connected early life stress to later mental health issues for adults, but little is understood about the reasons for this connection. The new study published in the current issue of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the relations between early life stress and reward-related brain activity in adults.

Participants in the study were closely monitored beginning in kindergarten and then were scanned using brain imaging when they were adults. The participants were all part of the Fast Track Project, which in 1991 began tracking how children developed across their lives.

For this new study, researchers focused on the levels of stress that 72 subjects were exposed to early in development. At age 26, the study participants completed an experimental game to assess how their brains processed rewards and positive feedback. The scientists focused on reward-related activity in an area of the brain known as the ventral striatum, measured using fMRI.

“We found that greater levels of cumulative stress during childhood and adolescence predicted lower reward-related ventral striatum activity in adulthood,” said study lead author Jamie Hanson, a postdoctoral researcher at Duke’s Center for Child and Family Policy and the Duke Department of Psychology and Neuroscience.

Hanson and colleagues found that early stress, specifically between kindergarten and grade three, was most strongly associated with muted responses to rewards in adulthood. Previous studies have identified this type of brain activity as a marker for increased risk of depression and anxiety.

“In participants with the greatest levels of early stress, we saw the lowest levels of activity in the ventral striatum in response to a reward,” Hanson said.

“We think reward-related ventral striatum activity is an important marker of mental health,” Hanson explained. “Past studies have focused on the processing of threat and negative emotion after early stress. Generating positive emotions may potentially buffer some of the effects of stress.”

The researchers say that a variety of early life stresses may affect whether children or not will grow up to be at risk for mental health problems. They add that further work in this area may lead to the development of new interventions that will help prevent negative mental health outcomes after childhood stress

Hanson’s co-authors on the study are Dustin Albert of the Bryn Mawr College Department of Psychology; Anne-Marie R. Iselin, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington; Kenneth Dodge, director of the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy; Justin M. Carre, Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada; and Ahmad R. Hariri, professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke.

Funders providing support for the study include the National Institute of Mental Health; the National Institute on Drug Abuse; the U.S. Department of Education; the Center for the Study of Adolescent Risk and Resilience; and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development through the Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

This article is published in collaboration with Duke. Publication does not imply endorsement of views by the World Economic Forum.

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Author: John Head is a member of the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy.

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