Urban Transformation

Cities: Could taller buildings bring about a better quality of life?

Skyscrapers are seen growing out of the city below.

Urban planning is vital to ensure city dwellers have a high quality of life. Image: Unsplash/Christopher Czermak

Umberto Bacchi
Journalist, Thomson Reuters Foundation
  • Cities are growing around the world, presenting challenges for urban planners.
  • Cities should not become obsessed with building upwards though, the World Bank has warned. They should focus instead on building liveable cities.
  • Cities cannot leapfrog from a 'pancake' to 'pyramid model' based on planning regulations alone.

Taller buildings are key to enhancing quality of life as the world's urban population grows, but cities should not become obsessed with skyscrapers and must prepare for horizontal expansion as newcomers arrive, the World Bank said on Wednesday.

Urban build-up worldwide grew by 30% between 1990 and 2015, with new buildings covering an area roughly the size of Sri Lanka, the bank said in a report that was based on satellite data analysis for almost 10,000 cities.

In poor countries about 90% of new buildings sprung up at the edges of cities, extending their boundaries horizontally, while in rich nations about 35% were built on empty sites within urban centres, the study found.

Have you read?

Such findings appear at odds with the main focus of urban planning in recent years, which has been to create compact cities by building upwards.

But the report's co-author, Somik Lall, said that while taller buildings and high-density cities do bring benefits, such a model should be adapted to local conditions.

"The obsession should not be about building skyscrapers but the passion should be about building liveable cities," Lall, the World Bank's lead urban economist, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation by phone.

Whether urban hubs grow vertically, horizontally or within existing spaces is tied to economic demand, the report said.

With about 70% of the world's population expected to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 55% at present, cities should plan to accommodate all three types of development or risk facing uncontrolled sprawl, overcrowding and congestion, Lall said.

Cities and Urbanization Sustainable Development
Urban hubs grow vertically, horizontally or within existing spaces. Image: World Bank

Low-income cities tend to look like "pancakes", growing wide and flat, as newcomers crowd into low-built quarters or settle on the outskirts where land is cheaper, according to the report.

As incomes grow, so do buildings, with richer cities taking the shape of "pyramids", the research found.

Pyramid-shaped cities are generally more liveable - allowing inhabitants to enjoy more floor space in a dense environment - and more productive, as the reduced distance between workplaces and employees boosts productivity, the report said.

They are also better for the environment as sprawling peripheries encroach on surrounding natural areas and often lack adequate transport links, fuelling traffic and pollution.

"If managed well, cities that take a more pyramid-like shape can provide an impetus to accelerate sustainable development by getting people out of cars, cutting commute times and limiting greenhouse gas emissions," Lall said.

Yet, cities cannot leapfrog from "pancake" to "pyramid" with planning regulations alone, as new built central high-rises risk remaining vacant if people cannot afford to live in them, the World Bank researchers said.

For developing cities in particular, it is vital to prepare for horizontal expansion, building transport links and basic infrastructures to ensure liveable conditions on the outskirts and lay the groundwork for future development, the report said.

"The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the life-and-death implications of crowded neighbourhoods that are ill-equipped to curb the spread of disease," Juergen Voegele, the bank's vice president for sustainable development, said in a foreword.

"As countries slowly extricate themselves from the pandemic, planning for a better urban future requires understanding the forces that have shaped the cities we inhabit today."

Loading...
Don't miss any update on this topic

Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

Sign up for free

License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Stay up to date:

Cities and Urbanization

Related topics:
Urban TransformationSustainable Development
Share:
The Big Picture
Explore and monitor how Cities and Urbanization is affecting economies, industries and global issues
A hand holding a looking glass by a lake
Crowdsource Innovation
Get involved with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale
World Economic Forum logo
Global Agenda

The Agenda Weekly

A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda

Subscribe today

You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. For more details, review our privacy policy.

How new taxi marketplaces are tackling old challenges

Lars Christian Grødem-Olsen

December 2, 2024

How innovative finance is building nature-based urban resilience in Africa

About us

Engage with us

  • Sign in
  • Partner with us
  • Become a member
  • Sign up for our press releases
  • Subscribe to our newsletters
  • Contact us

Quick links

Language editions

Privacy Policy & Terms of Service

Sitemap

© 2024 World Economic Forum