Russia is one of the world’s largest exporters of petroleum products - but what exactly are they?

The United States just banned the import of oil, gas and coal from Russia as part of its response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. But Russia is one of the world’s biggest exporters of oil and petroleum products - so what are the implications?

The New York Times reported an immediate surge in US petrol prices in the wake of the import ban. Although Russia only accounts for 3% of US crude oil imports, it supplies 20% of US imports of petroleum products, according to the US Energy Information Administration.
Russia is only the third-largest oil producer after the US and Saudi Arabia. Data from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows it to be the world’s largest exporter of oil and petroleum products. However, US Energy Information Administration data shows the US to be larger.

Russia’s output includes: naphtha, which is used as a solvent; vacuum gas oil which, like naphtha, can be used to increase gasoline (petrol) output from refineries; gas oil, also known as red diesel, which is used in farm machinery; and fuel oil for home and industrial heating boilers.

The bulk of Russia’s 11.3 billion-barrels-a-day production in January 2022 was crude oil (10 million barrels a day) according to the IEA. Refined oil products accounted for 960,000 barrels and liquid natural gas 340,000 barrels a day.

Although ranked third among oil producing nations, the IEA says that, in terms of all oil products, Russia is the world’s largest exporter to global markets and the second-largest crude oil exporter after Saudi Arabia.

IEA figures for December 2021, show Russia’s oil exports were 7.8 million barrels a day, two-thirds of which were crude and condensate - a light crude oil which is a byproduct of gas extraction.

Russia’s exports of petroleum products for this period totalled 2.85 million barrels a day, comprising 1.1 million barrels of gas oil, 650,000 barrels of fuel oil, half a million barrels a day of naphtha and 280,000 barrels a day of vacuum gas oil.

The remaining 350,000 barrels a day was made up of gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel and petroleum coke, a solid residue from refining which is used in electricity generation and cement kilns.

Collectively, European nations take about two-thirds of Russia’s oil exports while a fifth go to China which is the biggest single buyer of Russian oil and oil products importing 1.6 million barrels a day during 2021, according to the IEA.

Roughly 750,000 barrels a day of crude oil is delivered to Europe through Russia’s Druzhba pipeline system, a third of which is transported through the system’s southern branch which passes through Ukraine.

Among its neighbours, IEA describes Russia as a “significant supplier” of crude oil to Belarus, Bulgaria and Romania and of petroleum products to most of the nations of the former Soviet Union, including Ukraine.

The 2021 Edition of the World Economic Forum’s Energy Transition Index, which tracks the progress of 115 nations in moving away from fossil fuels, said urgent action was needed to accelerate the transition to clean, sustainable energy sources.