1983, training in Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kabul University. 1984, specialist, Noor Eye Institute, Kabul; 1984, went to Pakistan to care for Afghan refugee families at Sayed Jamal-U-Din Hospital; 1985 joined Afghan Freedom Fighters and caretaker in charge of health affairs for Panjshir Valley resistance front, adviser to Ahmad Shah Massoud; 1992-96, spokesperson, Defence Ministry, Afghanistan; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs; 1999, caretaker of Foreign Ministry for Afghanistan government in exile until collapse of Taliban; Foreign Minister, Transitional Government; 2001-06, Foreign Minister in first elected government.