Degree in Economics, University of Indonesia; various programmes, State University of New York, Harvard Business School, Stanford University and Wharton Executive Education. 1986-94, with Bank Niaga; 1984-86, with Bank of America; 1995-98, President Director, Bank Bumiputera; 1998-99, President Director, Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia; 1999-2002, Managing Director, Bank Mandiri; 2002, Adviser to the Chairman, Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency; 2002-05, Managing Director, Bank Permata; 2005-10, President Director and CEO, Bank Mandiri; May 2010 - April 2013, Minister of Finance of Indonesia. Since May 2013, Governor of Bank Indonesia, for a five-year term. Recipient of awards: Indonesia's Best Executive (2009), Asiamoney; Indonesian Banker Leadership Achievement Award (2010), Asian Banker; Finance Minister of the Year (2012).