1979, degree in Medicine, University of Singapore; 1984, Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons, Glasgow; degree in Law, University of London. 1985-89, trained in neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, US, obtained board certification in neurosurgery; 1990, Fellow in Neurosurgery, Harvard University, 1991-2001, practiced neurosurgery; 2001, elected Member of Parliament for Ang Mo Kio GRC; Minister of State in 2001-04, Ministry of Health; 2001-03, Ministry of the Environment; 2003-04, Ministry of Transport; 2004, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts and Ministry of Health; since 2006, current position. 2007, Chairman, World Health Organization Executive Board. President, Singapore Indian Education Trust. Author of over 50 scientific publications and chapters in neurosurgical books.