1967, Bachelor's in Economics, University of Western Australia; 1972, Master's in Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; 1979, doctorate in Business Economy, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Lecturer, Faculty of Economics, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Formerly: experience in banking; Chairman, National Planning and Development Board; 1993-98, Acting Director, Islamic Development Bank; 1997-98, Central Bank Deputy Governor, World Bank.