1981, Master's degree, Shanghai Second Medical University; 1989, MD, Paris VII University. Since 1990, Professor, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Second Medical University; 1995, Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1998, Director, Chinese Human Genome Centre, Shanghai; 2000, Vice-President, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Foreign Associate: National Academy of Sciences, US; French Academy of Sciences. Member: Third World Academy of Sciences; European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities. Foreign Member, Academia Europaea. External Scientific Member, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Co-Chair, InterAcademy Panel.