Degree in Law, University of Rennes; postgraduate degree in Law, University of Paris; diploma, Paris Institute of Political Science; Ecole Nationale d'Administration. 1976, domestic and international positions, French Treasury; 1993-95, Director, French Treasury; 1995-97, Chairman, Paris Club, of creditor countries; 1986-88, Economic Adviser to Minister of Finance; 1993 and 1995-97, Chief of Staff, two Ministers of Finance; 1998-2002, Vice-President, European Central Bank; since 2003, current position. Since 2010, President, BIS. Author: Banks: The Rules of the Game (1990). Recipient of awards including Knight of the Legion of Honour.