Graduate in Law, Business Administration, Political Studies and Statistics; PhD in Economics, University of Paris. Formerly: Assistant Professor, then Professor of Economics, University of Paris, tenured in 1978; 1993-97, corporate lawyer; 1997-99, Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry, France. Member, French National Assembly and Professor of Economics, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris; personal adviser to Secretary-General, OECD; 2007-11, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund.