1957, LLB (Hons), Faculty of Law; 1958, graduate diploma in Political Economy and 1959, graduate diploma in Public Law, Cairo University; 1961, DES in Economics, University of Grenoble, France. Former: Legal Adviser, State Council, Egypt; Assistant, Associate then Full Professor of Economics, Faculty of Law, University of Alexandria; Senior Economist, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development; Director, Research Department, Ministry of Finance, Kuwait; Manager, Economics Department, Industrial Bank of Kuwait; Chairman, Export Development Bank of Egypt. From 1992, Chairman, Export Credit Guarantee Company of Egypt. 1995-2000, Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. 2001-11, Adviser to the Arab Monetary Fund, Abu Dhabi. 2011, Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. Since July 2013, Interim Prime Minister of Egypt. Board member, adviser and visiting professor. Author of publications in French, English and Arabic on economic development, international financial markets, monetary theory and political economy, with a particular focus on Arab countries. Recipient of awards and honours.