Studies at Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Geneva; postgraduate studies, Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, Geneva. Formerly: Economist, GATT; President, Executive Committee, Copper Exporting Countries Organization; Chief Executive Officer, Universal Engineering, Switzerland; Governor, Central Reserve Bank of Peru; Personal Representative and Principal Adviser to President Fujimori. Director of several mining companies, Peru. Author: The Other Path: the Invisible Revolution in the Third World; The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else.