1962, BSc (Hons), Faculty of Agriculture and 1964, MSc (Hons), Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 1968, PhD, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 1972, Senior Lecturer in Microbiology; 1975, Associate Professor of Microbiology; 1978, Professor of Microbiology; 1981-83, Head, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University; 1983-86, Director, Otto Warburg Centre of Biotechnology in Agriculture; 1986-89, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture; 1992-2001, Vice-President, R&D, University of Jerusalem. Visiting Professor at numerous Universities. 1984-94, Member, UN Panel for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology; since 2001, President, Weizmann Institute of Science. 1989-93, Chairman, Special Projects Committee, International Society for Plant Pathology. 1990, Member, International Editorial Board, Crop Protection. 1997, Chairman, Rothschild Prize Committee. Chairman, Mifal Hapayis Committee for scientific research prizes. 1998, Member, External Advisory Group to European Union Research Programme. 2000, Member, Advisory Panel, NATO Science Programme. Chairman, Environment and Health fund. Deputy Secretary-General, Union for the Mediterranean. Recipient of numerous awards.