1993, PhD in Polar Hydrology, Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH); 2003, leader course, Norwegian National Defence College. 1998-2005, Scientist at NTH, SINTEF and the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI); Director at NPI since then. 2002-07, Adjunct Professor, University Centre, Svalbard. Serves on a number of national and international committees and delegations, including as expert to the Arctic Council and the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings; Lead Author, IPCC's fifth assessment report.