Degree in Engineering; Master's in Mathematics; advanced degree in Economics, Centre d'études des programmes économiques. Former positions in research and government in France; positions with the European Commission; Director, CEPII; Senior Adviser to French Minister of Finance; Executive President, French Prime Minister's Council of Economic Analysis; Senior Adviser to the Director, French Treasury. Since 2005, Director, Bruegel. Professor of Economics, Univ. of Paris-Dauphine. Former President, French Economic Association. Member, Council of Economic Analysis, an independent advisory body reporting to the French Prime Minister. Author or editor of various publications and columns.