Political Scientist. Currently Minerva Chair, affiliated with the National Defense University, Washington DC, to conduct research on Islam and democratization in the context of the Arab Spring. Concurrently, Senior Visiting Professor of International Relations, School of Advanced International Relations, Johns Hopkins University; Co-Director, Global Politics and Religion Initiative. With Harvard University, directs the Islam in the West international research programme. Tenured, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris, specializing in contemporary Islamic societies, globalization and democratization. Author of numerous articles and books on Islam, globalization, democratization and secularism, including: Muslims in the West After 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law (2009); Islam Betrayed? The Making of Modern Islam and World Politics (forthcoming).