1985, Master's in Law, Helsinki University, 1985, Lawyer and Collective Bargaining Officer, Finnish Chemical Workers' Union; 1991, research activities, then policy development and networking in energy industries, International Chemical and Energy Workers' Federation; Brussels; 2000, Director, Organization, International Chemical, Energy and Mine Workers' Federation; 2001-03, consultant to Finnish industrial trade unions, Helsinki; 2003, General Secretary, Nordic Metal, later Nordic IN; 2009, General Secretary, International Metalworkers' Federation; since 2012, current position.