1972, MA in Economics and 1978, PhD in Economics, University of Lodz; postgraduate programmes, Columbia University and University of Chicago. Professor of Economics, University of Lodz. 2002, Senior Adviser, JPMorgan, Central and Eastern Europe; 2003, Chairman, Council for International Coordination for Iraq Reconstruction; 2003-04, Director, Economic Policy, Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq; 2004-05, Prime Minister of Poland; 2006-08 Executive Secretary, Undersecretary-General, UN Economic Commission for Europe; 2009-10, Director, European Department, IMF; since June 2010, current position. Author of several books and numerous articles.