BA and MA in Economics, Hebrew University; PhD in Business Economics, Harvard University. Formerly, Senior Consultant, McKinsey & Company, Italy and Denmark; 1982-86, Group Vice-President, International, Data Resources; 1986-92, President, Economist Intelligence Unit. Since 1992, with World Bank: 1992-97, Chief, International Economics and Prospects Division, Development Economics Vice-Presidency; since 1997, current position; 2000-02, Chair, Economic Policy Sector Board and Director, Economic Policy; 2002-08, Director, International Trade Department.