PhD in Engineering, Central South University of Technology; postdoctoral degree in Economics, Peking University. 1999-2001, Deputy General Manager, China Copper, Lead & Zinc Corporation (CCLZ); 2001-06, Vice-President, CHINALCO, Director, Senior Vice-President and then President, CHALCO; 2006-09, Vice-Chairman and President, China Travel Service (Holdings) Hong Kong. Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. Doctor of Engineering honoris causa, University of Queensland (2010).