Closing gender gaps remains a critical driver of national prosperity. Countries that invest in all of their human capital and make it easier for their populations to balance work and family life tend to be more prosperous. We find a positive relationship between gender parity and per capita income when comparing the Global Gender Gap Index and GDP per capita (see Figure 2.17). While the relationship does not show causality, regardless of current income level, countries should invest in closing gender gaps in access, resources and opportunities. With an increasingly uncertain economic outlook, unleashing the creativity and dynamism of a country's entire human capital is critical to overcoming the current crises and accelerating a recovery.

1. Javorcik, 2021.

2. Alon, et al, 2021.

3. ILO, 2022a.

4. Adams-Prassl, et al, 2020.

5. Russell and Sun, 2020.

6. ILO, 2022b.

7. Boesch, et al, 2021.

8. OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development), Employment database. Countries included in the sample are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, China, India and South Africa. Accessed June 2022.

9. GEM, 2021.

10. Teare, 2022.

11. Teare, 2020.

12. The analysis covered 39 countries. The analysis projected wealth accumulation through the length of a career cycle starting from age 22 to a common state retirement age - based on the male state retirement age in the country, to enhance comparability. Wealth arising from state and mandatory retirement benefits, private retirement plans, real estate and personal savings were considered. There are numerous exogenous variables that directly or indirectly impact relative wealth (for example, inherited wealth, differences in the application of taxes between men and women, and educational access and attainment) that were not modelled in this study. As a result, the analysis offers a baseline for wealth projections across different countries that can be enriched and expanded by accounting for the factors that contribute to wealth creation in each context.

13. World Bank, 2022.

14. World Economic Forum, 2022.

15. UNESCO, 2020.

16. OECD, 2020.

17. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2022.

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Alon, Titan, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey and Michèle Tertilt, The shecession (she-recession) of 2020: Causes and consequences, VOX, CEPR Policy Portal (voxeu.org), 2020, https://voxeu.org/article/shecession-she-recession-2020-causes-and-consequences; Tang, Vincent, et al, Gender equality and COVID-19, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Special Series on COVID-19, 2021, https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/covid19-special-notes/en-special-series-on-covid-19-gender-equality-and-covid-19.ashx

Boesch, Tyler, Rob Grunewald, Ryan Nunn and Vanessa Palmer, Pandemic Pushes Mothers of Young Children Out of the Labour Force, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2 February 2021, https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/pandemic-pushes-mothers-of-young-children-out-of-the-labor-force#_ftn1[.]{.underline}

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---, Over 2 million moms left the labour force according to new global estimates, 8 March 2022, 2022b, https://ilostat.ilo.org/over-2-million-moms-left-the-labour-force-in-2020-according-to-new-global-estimates/.

OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development), The Potential of Online Learning for Adults: Early Lessons from the COVID-19 Crisis, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2020, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-potential-of-online-learning-for-adults-early-lessons-from-the-covid-19-crisis-ee040002/.

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Russell, Lauren and Sun, Chuxuan, "The Effect of Mandatory Child Care Center Closures on Women's Labor Market Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic", Covid Economics, vol. 62, no. 18, 2020, pp. 124--154.

Teare, Gené. "Global VC Funding To Female Founders Dropped Dramatically This Year", Crunchbase News, 21 December 2020, https://news.crunchbase.com/news/global-vc-funding-to-female-founders/.

----, "The Herd Of Female-Founded Unicorn Companies Continues To Grow in 2022'", Crunchbase News, 21 March 2022, https://news.crunchbase.com/news/top-women-led-unicorn-companies-startups-2022/.

The Lancet Psychiatry, Global, Regional, and National Burden of 12 Mental Disorders in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990--2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, vol. 9, no. 2, 2022, pp. 137--150, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3.

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World Economic Forum, The Good Work Framework: A New Business Agenda for the Future of Work, 2022, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Good_Work_Framework_2022.pdf.