Facebook-style algorithms hunt for dark matter in space maps

Understanding how our universe came to be what it is today and what its final destiny will be is one of the biggest challenges in science. The awe-inspiring display of countless stars on a clear night gives us some idea of the magnitude of the problem, and yet that is only part of the story. The deeper riddle lies in what we cannot see, at least not directly: dark matter and dark energy.

With dark matter pulling the universe together and dark energy causing it to expand faster, cosmologists need to know exactly how much of those two is out there in order to refine their models.

Now, researchers are working to improve on standard methods for estimating the dark matter content of the universe through artificial intelligence. They used cutting-edge machine learning algorithms for cosmological data analysis that have a lot in common with those used for facial recognition by Facebook and other social media.

COSMIC FACIAL RECOGNITION

While there are no faces to recognize in pictures taken of the night sky, cosmologists still look for something rather similar.

“Facebook uses its algorithms to find eyes, mouths, or ears in images; we use ours to look for the tell-tale signs of dark matter and dark energy,” says Tomasz Kacprzak, a researcher in Alexandre Refregier’s group at the Institute of Particle Physics and Astrophysics at ETH Zurich.

As dark matter cannot be seen directly in telescope images, physicists rely on the fact that all matter—including the dark variety—slightly bends the path of light rays arriving at the Earth from distant galaxies. This effect, known as “weak gravitational lensing”, distorts the images of those galaxies very subtly, much like far-away objects appear blurred on a hot day as light passes through layers of air at different temperatures.

Cosmologists can use that distortion to work backwards and create mass maps of the sky showing where dark matter is located. Next, they compare those dark matter maps to theoretical predictions in order to find which cosmological model most closely matches the data. Traditionally, this is done using human-designed statistics such as so-called correlation functions that describe how different parts of the maps relate to each other. Such statistics, however, are limited as to how well they can find complex patterns in the matter maps.

LEARNING ON THEIR OWN

“In our recent work, we have used a completely new methodology”, says Refregier. “Instead of inventing the appropriate statistical analysis ourselves, we let computers do the job.” This is where Aurelien Lucchi and his colleagues from the Data Analytics Lab in the computer science department come in. Together with lead author Janis Fluri, a PhD student in Refregier’s group, the researchers used machine learning algorithms called deep artificial neural networks and taught them to extract the largest possible amount of information from the dark matter maps.

In a first step, the scientists trained the neural networks by feeding them computer-generated data that simulates the universe. That way, they knew what the correct answer for a given cosmological parameter—for instance, the ratio between the total amount of dark matter and dark energy—should be for each simulated dark matter map.

By repeatedly analyzing the dark matter maps, the neural network taught itself to look for the right kind of features in them and to extract more and more of the desired information. In the Facebook analogy, it got better at distinguishing random oval shapes from eyes or mouths.

HIGHER ACCURACY THAN HUMANS

The results of that training were encouraging: the neural networks came up with values that were 30% more accurate than those that traditional methods based on human-made statistical analysis obtained. For cosmologists, that is a huge improvement as reaching the same accuracy by increasing the number of telescope images would require twice as much observation time—which is expensive.

Finally, the scientists used their fully trained neural network to analyze actual dark matter maps from the KiDS-450 dataset.

“This is the first time such machine learning tools have been used in this context,” says Fluri, “and we found that the deep artificial neural network enables us to extract more information from the data than previous approaches. We believe that this usage of machine learning in cosmology will have many future applications.”

As a next step, he and his colleagues are planning to apply their method to bigger image sets such as the Dark Energy Survey. Also, they will feed more cosmological parameters and refinements, such as details about the nature of dark energy, to the neural networks.