Climate change is changing biodiversity as we know it

Researchers simulated the warmer, wetter conditions predicted for northern Europe under climate change, by locally heating agricultural fields by 1.5 ºC and increasing irrigation by 40%. These conditions immediately lead to changes in the community of wildflowers and their associated insects. Most plant species were ‘losers’: they grew fewer flowers, secreted less nectar, and set fewer or lighter seeds. This reduced the food resources for pollinators, stimulating them to visit a wider range of plants.

It is predicted that global average temperatures will have risen by between 0.9 and 2.0 ºC around the middle of this century, according to the IPCC’s intermediate emission scenario RCP4.5. As a result, many species, especially specialists with highly specific requirements for food, habitat, and reproduction, won’t be able to adapt.

Because approximately 35% of our crops depend on insects for pollination, it is necessary to study impact of global warming on the fitness of insects and the wildflowers on which they depend for food. Once we understand the likely changes, we may be able to mitigate the negative effects for wild and crop plants.

Here, a study by scientists from Newcastle University in the UK is the first to show experimentally the immediate effects of simulated climate change on the reproductive success of wildflowers, as well on the food web of plants and pollinators. The results are published in Frontiers in Plant Science.

Lead author Dr Ellen D Moss, a postdoctoral scientist in the School of Natural and Environmental Sciences at Newcastle University, said: “Here we show that a 1.5°C increase in temperature can drastically reduce food resources for pollinating insects, cause pollinators to visit a wider range of plants for food, and reduce seed production for some wildflowers, while increasing it for others.”

The authors simulated global warming on outdoor experimental plots at an agricultural research station in the UK, by raising the ambient temperature by a constant 1.5 ºC with infrared heaters. They then compared plant and insect biodiversity, and visiting patterns of insects on the flowers, between these and unheated control plots across 2014 and 2015.

Because climate change in northern Europe is also predicted to lead to an increase in rainfall, they further looked at the effect of irrigating plots with extra water (supplying 40% of the local monthly rainfall on top of the natural precipitation), both in combination with and separately from heating.

Between the years, the plots were plowed, and sown in the spring with wheat and eight species of native, annual, insect-pollinated herbs typical of wheat fields, such as corn marigold and cornflower. No pesticides were applied, which also allowed local wildflowers to colonize the plots and flower.

Throughout the flowering season, from June through August, the authors counted the number of plant species present in each plot and the number of flowers for each. They also weighed dried-out ripe seeds for each species, and measured the volume of nectar per flower. Finally, at regular intervals throughout the season, they counted the number of insects visiting each plant species in 20 minute periods, and collected these insects to have the species identified by experts.

The authors observed a total of 25 plant species and 80 insect species in 2014, and 19 plant species and 69 insect species in 2015. The number of plant or insect species did not depend on the treatment, indicating that heating by 1.5 ºC, with or without extra water, does not lead to immediate changes in species diversity. Rather, the immediate effects were more subtle. For example, most of the plant species were ‘losers’ in reproductive terms when the plots were heated: they grew fewer flowers, or produced fewer or lighter seeds.

“Our experiment showed that under an increase of 1.5°C there was almost a 40% reduction in the number of floral units throughout the season, which represents a significant decrease in available food for flower visitors,” the authors wrote.

A lone ‘winner’ in reproductive terms under simulated climate change was the wildflower common field-speedwell, which produced more and heavier seeds in heated plots. However, its flowers secreted 65% less nectar in heated plots, making this species less rewarding for pollinators.

The researchers also observed subtle, immediate changes in the food web. For example, the food web was more complex in the heated plots, because insect species tended to visit a greater number of plant species, while the number of visits per flower was increased. This change in insect foraging behavior was likely caused by the reduction in available food. And while the number of recorded species was unaffected by heating or extra water, the composition of both the plant and insect communities was significantly different between the treatments.

“Our results demonstrate that climate warming could have severe consequences for some species of wildflowers and their pollinators in agricultural systems, and shows that their community composition is likely to change in the future,” said Moss.

Co-author Dr Darren Evans, professor of ecology and conservation at Newcastle University, said: “Our results provide valuable insights as to how climate warming not only affects non-crop plants, but also how species typically regarded as weeds underpin important insect pollinator communities.”

“Going forward, having a better understanding of how climate warming affects the direct and indirect actions of a more complete network of species interactions will better enable us to adapt our farming systems in a changing world.”