Here's why algae-eating fish are key to saving coral reefs

Protecting algae-eating fish may not be enough to save endangered coral reefs, a new study shows.

Some researchers, resource managers, and conservationists have advocated restoring populations of algae-eating reef fish, such as parrotfish in order to boost resilience of the world’s coral reefs.

According to this idea, which is known as fish-mediated resilience, protecting the fish that keep algae in check leads to healthier corals and can promote the recovery of distressed reefs.

But the new study that analyzed long-term data from 57 coral reefs around the French Polynesian island of Mo’orea challenges this canon of coral reef ecology, providing compelling new evidence that fish don’t regulate coral over time.

“This paper very well might radically change how we think about the conservation of coral reefs,” says Jacob Allgeier, assistant professor in the ecology and evolutionary biology department at the University of Michigan and co-senior author of the study in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.

“People have been saying for years that we can protect coral through fisheries management, and our work on Mo’orea reefs shows that this is unlikely to work—there are too many other things going on. There is functionally no measurable effect of fishes on coral cover over time.”

Support for the idea of fish-mediated coral reef resilience has led to calls for moratoriums on fishing for algae-eating reef fish to prevent algae overgrowth and reef degradation. Such well-intentioned but misguided management strategies could have huge implications for the millions of people who depend on coral-reef fisheries for food and income, according to the authors of the new study.

Instead, it makes more sense to support strategies that promote the conservation of diverse habitats and coral reef types at various stages of degradation, the researchers say.

“We do need to manage fisheries in these ecosystems, but instead of things like wholesale restrictions on parrotfish, we should consider management efforts that promote sustainable harvest throughout the food web to disperse the impacts of fishing,” Allgeier says.

Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems on the planet, but they are also among the most imperiled and rapidly changing.

Threats to coral reefs include predatory species, nutrient pollution, ocean acidification, overfishing, sedimentation, and coral bleaching, which is caused by sustained, warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures. As the climate warms, mass bleaching events are lasting longer, becoming more frequent, and affecting reefs that are completely protected from all human impacts other than climate change, Allgeier says.

The new study involves a series of statistical analyses of coral reef data collected between 2006 and 2017 by two long-term monitoring projects: the Mo’orea Coral Reef Ecosystem LTER (funded by the US National Science Foundation) and the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement (funded by the French government).

The Mo’orea coral reef datasets contain some of the longest continuous observations of fish populations and algae growth on coral reefs.

Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, compete with corals for seafloor space and can smother them if they grow too dense. If corals are weakened by a bleaching event or some other disturbance, macroalgae often move in and displace them.

During the 2006-17 data-collection period analyzed in the study, Mo’orea coral reefs were significantly affected by two major disturbances: an outbreak of the coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish and a direct hit from Cyclone Oli in winter 2010.

The two events allowed Allgeier and coauthor Timothy Cline, to study the degradation and subsequent recovery of the Mo’orea reefs and to assess the factors that contributed to the recovery.

“We found no evidence that the substantial variation in fish community biomass and diversity had any influence on how sites recovered from disturbances,” says Cline, a former postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan. “Instead, we suggest additional location-specific attributes are critical in recovery, and the fish community is just one component of a suite of variables that must be considered.”

The David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the National Science Foundation funded the work.