Former: Research Investigator, Yale University School of Medicine; Economist, US Federal Reserve System; Senior Vice-President and Chief Information Officer, Bank of America; and had own business as an independent consultant. Various positions with Kaiser Permanente (KP), including managing development and operations of KP's clinical and administrative data systems; currently, Vice-President, Health Information Technology Strategy and Policy, KP, responsible for health IT priorities, policies, standards, and government and industry relations. Participates in health IT organizations, including ANSI, ISO, HL7, IHTSDO and W3C. By appointment of the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services, serves on the US Health IT Standards Committee and is Chair of its Clinical Operations and Vocabulary Subcommittees.